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See bug 364003 for a suitable failure scenario and https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=364003#c4 for the diagnostics produced. It was not obvious from the diagnostics that the Fragment-Host that could not be resolved contained a bundle version range for which there was no matching host. Since this misled a user and I spent time in a debugger before I realised what was going on, the diagnostics should be improved.
Beefed up the diagnostics, e.g.: <DE0500E> Unable to install application from URI 'file:/Users/glynnormington/bugs/364567/virgo-kernel-3.1.0.BUILD-20111123111605/pickup/com.springsource.org.apache.xerces-2.8.1.jar'. Cannot satisfy constraints for bundle 'com.springsource.org.apache.xerces' version '2.8.1'. Cannot resolve: com.springsource.org.apache.xerces Resolver report: A Fragment-Host could not be resolved. The affected fragment is com.springsource.org.apache.xerces_2.8.1. Resolver error data <Fragment-Host: com.springsource.org.apache.xmlcommons; bundle-version="[1.3.3,1.3.3]">. Caused by missing constraint in bundle <com.springsource.org.apache.xerces_2.8.1> constraint: <Fragment-Host: com.springsource.org.apache.xmlcommons; bundle-version="[1.3.3,1.3.3]"> . org.eclipse.virgo.kernel.osgi.framework.UnableToSatisfyBundleDependenciesException: Unable to satisfy dependencies of bundle 'com.springsource.org.apache.xerces' at version '2.8.1': Cannot resolve: com.springsource.org.apache.xerces Resolver report: A Fragment-Host could not be resolved. The affected fragment is com.springsource.org.apache.xerces_2.8.1. Resolver error data <Fragment-Host: com.springsource.org.apache.xmlcommons; bundle-version="[1.3.3,1.3.3]">. Caused by missing constraint in bundle <com.springsource.org.apache.xerces_2.8.1> constraint: <Fragment-Host: com.springsource.org.apache.xmlcommons; bundle-version="[1.3.3,1.3.3]"> The problematic Fragment-Host version range is now present in the diagnostics, which should make them easier to understand if a little more verbose.
Fixed in kernel commit 74e1f3d3c514ac7cbef0345d2864f1a619f2065e.